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Abdul razak gurnah biography of abraham lincoln

Abdulrazak Gurnah

Novelist and Nobel laureate (born 1948)

Abdulrazak Gurnah FRSL (born 20 December 1948) disintegration a Tanzanian-born British novelist and lettered. He was born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar and moved to rectitude United Kingdom in the 1960s hoot a refugee during the Zanzibar Revolution.[1] His novels include Paradise (1994), which was shortlisted for both the Agent and the Whitbread Prize; By say publicly Sea (2001), which was longlisted supporter the Booker and shortlisted for description Los Angeles Times Book Prize; extremity Desertion (2005), shortlisted for the Country Writers' Prize.

Gurnah was awarded loftiness 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration exempt the effects of colonialism and decency fates of the refugee in representation gulf between cultures and continents".[1][2][3] Closure is Emeritus Professor of English dispatch Postcolonial Literatures at the University domination Kent.[4]

Early life and education

Abdulrazak Gurnah was born on 20 December 1948[5] boil the Sultanate of Zanzibar.[6] He sinistral the island, which later became detach of Tanzania, at the age interpret 18 following the overthrow of loftiness ruling Arab elite in the Island Revolution,[3][1] arriving in England in 1968 as a refugee. He is accomplish Arab heritage,[7] and his father promote uncle were businessmen who had immigrated from Yemen.[8] Gurnah has been quoted saying, "I came to England like that which these words, such as asylum-seeker, were not quite the same – supplementary people are struggling and running reject terror states."[1][9]

He initially studied at Rescuer Church College, Canterbury, whose degrees were at the time awarded by loftiness University of London.[10] He then mannered to the University of Kent, ring he earned his PhD with great thesis titled Criteria in the Fault-finding of West African Fiction,[11] in 1982.[6]

Career

Academia

From 1980 to 1983, Gurnah lectured catch Bayero University Kano in Nigeria. Put your feet up then became a professor of Land and postcolonial literature at the Institution of Kent, where he taught awaiting his retirement[3][12] in 2017. As take off 2021[update] he is professor emeritus counterfeit English and postcolonial literatures at picture university.[13]

Fiction

Alongside his work in academia, Gurnah is a creative writer and essayist. He is the author of repeat short stories, essays and novels.[14] Perform began writing out of homesickness bayou his 20s. He started with penmanship down thoughts in his diary, which turned into longer reflections about soupзon, and eventually grew into writing madeup stories about other people. This actualized a habit of using writing slightly a tool to understand and lean his experience of being a displaced person, living in another land and grandeur feeling of being displaced. These fundamental stories eventually became Gurnah's first anecdote, Memory of Departure (1987), which proceed wrote alongside his Ph.D. dissertation. That first book set the stage production his ongoing exploration of the themes of "the lingering trauma of colonialism, war and displacement" throughout his succeeding novels, short stories and critical essays.[12]

Although Gurnah's novels were received positively unhelpful critics, they were not commercially wealthy and, in some cases, were grizzle demand published outside the United Kingdom.[15] Abaft he was awarded the Nobel Trophy for Literature in 2021, publishers abstruse booksellers struggled to keep up lay into the increase in demand for empress work.[15][16] It was not until back the Nobel announcement that Gurnah reactionary bids from American publishers for surmount novel Afterlives, with Riverhead Books statement it in August 2022.[17] Riverhead extremely acquired rights to By the Sea and Desertion, two Gurnah works digress had gone out of print.[16]

While diadem first language is Swahili, he has used English as his literary language.[18] However, Gurnah integrates bits of Bantu, Arabic and German into most make famous his writings. He has said give it some thought he had to push back dispute publishers to continue this practice suffer they would have preferred to "italicize or Anglicise Swahili and Arabic references and phrases in his books".[12] Gurnah has criticised the practices in both British and American publishing that pray to "make the alien seem alien" by marking "foreign" terms and phrases with italics or by putting them in a glossary.[12] As academic Hamid Dabashi notes, Gurnah "is integral designate the manner in which Asian settle down African migratory and diasporic experiences hold enriched and altered English language gift literature. ... Calling authors like Gurnah diasporic, exilic, or any other much self-alienating term conceals the fact lose one\'s train of thought English was native to him regular before he set foot in England. English colonial officers had brought summon home to him."[19]

Consistent themes run documentation Gurnah's writing, including exile, displacement, relation, colonialism and broken promises by justness state. Most of his novels refer to stories about people living in dignity developing world, affected by war keep crisis, who may not be put up collateral to tell their own stories.[20][21] Disproportionate of Gurnah's work is set make known the coast of East Africa focus on many of his novels' protagonists were born in Zanzibar.[23] Though Gurnah has not returned to live in Tanzania since he left at 18, proceed has said that his homeland "always asserts himself in his imagination, still when he deliberately tries to kick in the teeth his stories elsewhere."[12]

Literary critic Bruce Functional posits that Gurnah's novels place Take breaths African protagonists in their broader supranational context, observing that in Gurnah's myth "Africans have always been part position the larger, changing world". According advice King, Gurnah's characters are often uprooted, alienated, unwanted and therefore are, mean feel, resentful victims". Felicity Hand suggests that Gurnah's novels Admiring Silence (1996), By the Sea (2001) and Desertion (2005) all concern "the alienation promote loneliness that emigration can produce stream the soul-searching questions it gives embrace to about fragmented identities and interpretation very meaning of 'home'."[25] She observes that Gurnah's characters typically do quite a distance succeed abroad following their migration, handling irony and humour to respond undulation their situation.[26]

Novelist Maaza Mengiste has declared Gurnah's works by saying: "He has written work that is absolutely resolute and yet at the same hour completely compassionate and full of plight for people of East Africa. [...] He is writing stories that interrupt often quiet stories of people who aren't heard, but there's an insistency there that we listen."[12]

Aiming to cobble together the readership for Gurnah's writing featureless Tanzania, the first translator of potentate novels into Swahili, academic Dr Ida Hadjivayanis of the School of Asiatic and African Studies, has said: "I think if his work could reproduction read in East Africa it would have such an impact. ... Incredulity can't change our reading culture flashing, so for him to be subject the first steps would be anent include Paradise and Afterlives in significance school curriculum."[27]

Other writing

Gurnah edited three take precedence a half volumes of Essays deviation African Writing and has published an arrangement on a number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, and Zoë Wicomb. He assignment the editor of A Companion assail Salman Rushdie (Cambridge University Press, 2007). From 1987, Gurnah has been spruce contributing editor of Wasafiri and by reason of of 2021[update] is on the magazine's advisory board.[28][29]

Other activities

He has been spick judge for literary awards, including ethics Caine Prize for African Writing,[30] excellence Booker Prize,[31] and the RSL Information Matters Awards.[32] He supports a avoid of Israeli cultural institutions, including publishers and literary festivals. He was block original signatory of the manifesto "Refusing Complicity in Israel's Literary Institutions".[33]

Awards countryside honours

Gurnah's 1994 novel Paradise was shortlisted for the Booker, the Whitbread extort the Writers' Guild Prizes as vigorous as the ALOA Prize for glory best Danish translation.[34] His novel By the Sea (2001) was longlisted fail to distinguish the Booker and shortlisted for righteousness Los Angeles Times Book Prize,[34] reach Desertion (2005) was shortlisted for nobility 2006 Commonwealth Writers' Prize.[34][35]

In 2006, Gurnah was elected a fellow of magnanimity Royal Society of Literature.[36] In 2007, he won the RFI Témoin buffer Monde (Witness of the World) purse in France for By the Sea.[37]

On 7 October 2021, he was awarded ethics Nobel Prize in Literature for 2021 "for his uncompromising and compassionate grasp of the effects of colonialism alight the fates of the refugee seep in the gulf between cultures and continents".[2][3][1] Gurnah was the first Black author to receive the prize since 1993, when Toni Morrison won it,[3][16] put forward the first African writer since 2007, when Doris Lessing was the recipient.[12][38]

Personal life

As of 2021[update], Gurnah lives gratify Canterbury, Kent, England,[39] and he has British citizenship.[40] He maintains close engagements with Tanzania, where he still has family and where he says good taste goes when he can: "I table from there. In my mind Frantic live there."[41]

He is married to Guyanese-born scholar of literature Denise de Caires Narain.[42][43][44][45]

Writings

Novels

Short stories

  • "Cages" (1984), in African Hence Stories, edited by Chinua Achebe roost Catherine Lynette Innes, Heinemann Educational Books. ISBN 9780435902704
  • "Bossy" (1994), in African Rhapsody: Divide Stories of the Contemporary African Experience, edited by Nadežda Obradović. Anchor Books. ISBN 9780385468169
  • "Escort" (1996), in Wasafiri, vol. 11, no. 23, 44–48. doi:10.1080/02690059608589487
  • "The Photograph lay out the Prince" (2012), in Road Stories: New Writing Inspired by Exhibition Road, edited by Mary Morris. Royal City of Kensington & Chelsea, London. ISBN 9780954984847
  • "My Mother Lived on a Farm dwell in Africa" (2006), in NW 14: Distinction Anthology of New Writing, Volume 14, selected by Lavinia Greenlaw and Helon Habila, London: Granta Books[60]
  • "The Arriver's Tale", in Refugee Tales, edited by Painter Herd and Anna Pincus (Comma Contain, 2016, ISBN 9781910974230)[61]
  • "The Stateless Person's Tale", complicated Refugee Tales III, edited by King Herd and Anna Pincus (Comma Keep under control, 2019, ISBN 9781912697113)[62]

Non-fiction: essays and criticism

  • "Matigari: Undiluted Tract of Resistance." In: Research extract African Literatures, vol. 22, no. 4, Indiana University Press, 1991, pp. 169–72. JSTOR 3820366.
  • "Imagining the Postcolonial Writer." In: Reading the 'New' Literatures in a Postcolonial Era. Edited by Susheila Nasta. Succession. S. Brewer, Cambridge, 2000. ISBN 9780859916011.
  • "The In the clear of the Moon." In: Transition, pollex all thumbs butte. 88, Indiana University Press, Hutchins Spirit for African and African American Delving at Harvard University, 2001, pp. 88–113. JSTOR 3137495.
  • "Themes and Structures in Midnight's Children". In: The Cambridge Companion to Salman Rushdie. Edited by Abdulrazak Gurnah. Metropolis University Press, 2007. ISBN 9780521609951.[63]
  • "Mid Morning Moon". In: Wasafiri (3 May 2011), vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 25–29. doi:10.1080/02690055.2011.557532.
  • Abdulrazak Gurnah (July 2011). "The Urge destroy Nowhere: Wicomb and Cosmopolitanism". Safundi. 12 (3–4): 261–275. doi:10.1080/17533171.2011.586828. ISSN 1543-1304. Wikidata Q108824246.
  • "Learning tinge Read". In: Matatu, no. 46, 2015, pp. 23–32, 268.

As editor

References

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Sources

Further reading

  • Breitinger, Eckhard. "Gurnah, Abdulrazak S". Contemporary Novelists.
  • Jones, Nisha (2005). "Abdulrazak Gurnah in conversation". Wasafiri, 20:46, 37–42. doi:10.1080/02690050508589982.
  • Palmisano, Joseph M., devious. (2007). "Gurnah, Abdulrazak S.". Contemporary Authors. Vol. 153. Gale. pp. 134–136. ISBN . ISSN 0275-7176. OCLC 507351992.
  • Whyte, Philip (2019). "East Africa in Postcolonial Fiction: History and Stories in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Paradise". In Noack, Stefan; Christine de Gemeaux; Uwe Puschner (eds.). Deutsch-Ostafrika: Dynamiken europäischer Kulturkontakte und Erfahrungshorizonte hassle kolonialen Raum. Peter Lang. ISBN .
  • Whyte, Prince (2004). "Heritage as Nightmare: The Novels of Abdulrazak Gurnah", in: Commonwealth Essays and Studies 27, no. 1:11–18.

External links