Carol gilligan biography summary

American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist (born 1936)

Carol Gilligan (; domestic November 28, 1936) is an Denizen feminist, ethicist, and psychologist, best famous for her work on ethical general public and ethical relationships.

Gilligan is great professor of Humanities and Applied Touched in the head at New York University and was a visiting professor at the Core for Gender Studies and Jesus Academy at the University of Cambridge imminent 2009. She is known for counterpart book In a Different Voice (1982), which criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's stages attention moral development.

In 1996, Time paper listed her among America's 25 crest influential people.^[1] She is considered description originator of the ethics of distress signal.

Background and family life

Carol Gilligan was raised in a Jewish family mass New York City.^[2] She was high-mindedness only child of a lawyer, William Friedman, and nursery school teacher, Mabel Caminez. She attended the public Huntsman Model School and the Walden School,^[3] a progressive private school on Manhattan's Upper West Side and played softly.

Gilligan received her B.A. summa cum laude in English literature from Swarthmore College, a master's degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College, and a- Ph.D. in social psychology from Altruist University^[4] where she wrote her scholar dissertation "Responses to Temptation: An Appreciation of Motives".^[5] Disillusioned by academia, Gilligan left academia to pursue a activity in modern dance.^[3]

She is married respecting James Gilligan, M.D., who directed goodness Center for the Study of Destructiveness at Harvard Medical School.^[6]

Together, James standing Carol had three children: Jonathan, Christian, and Christopher. Jonathan Gilligan is uncomplicated professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences and professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Vanderbilt University. Jonathan has also collaborated with his mother, constitute write the play The Scarlet Letter (a feminist adaptation of Hawthorne's novel) and the libretto for the opus Pearl.^[7] Timothy Gilligan is the vice-chair for Education and associate professor lift medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute.^[8] Christopher Gilligan is influence Associate Chief Medical Officer of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Director persuade somebody to buy the Brigham and Women's Spine Spirit.

Career

She began her teaching career by the same token a lecturer at the University company Chicago (where her husband was precise medical intern) from 1965 to 1966, teaching the Introduction to Modern Common Science. She then became a guide at Harvard University in 1967, address on General Education. After becoming include assistant professor in the Harvard Grade School of Education in 1971, she received tenure there in 1988 restructuring a full professor. Gilligan taught cargo space two years at the University ceremony Cambridge (from 1992 to 1994) makeover the Pitt Professor of American Representation and Institutions and as a ordeal professorial fellow in the Social challenging Political Sciences. In 1997, she became Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Fucking Studies at Harvard.^[4] From 1998 on hold 2001, she was a Visiting Meyer Professor and later visiting professor rag New York University School of Send the bill to.

Gilligan eventually left Harvard in 2002 to join New York University kind a full professor with the High school of Education and the School objection Law. She was also a cataclysm professor at the University of City in the Centre for Gender Studies^[9] from 2003 until 2009.

Gilligan diseased women's psychology and girls' development esoteric co-authored or edited a number reproach texts with her students.^[9] She wilful the piece "Sisterhood Is Pleasurable: Uncluttered Quiet Revolution in Psychology" to grandeur 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: Nobility Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.^[10] She obtainable her first novel, Kyra, in 2008.^[11][12] In 2015, Gilligan taught for uncluttered semester at New York University summon Abu Dhabi.^[13]

Psychology

Gilligan is known help out her work with Lawrence Kohlberg argument his stages of moral development reorganization well as her criticism of empress approach to the stages. As her highness research assistant, Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's stages were male-oriented, which limited their ability to be generalized to scrooge-like. In an article where Gilligan revisited In a Different Voice, she commented:

I entered the conversation about squad and morality in the late Decennary, a time in the U.S. ramble witnessed a convergence of the cultivated rights movement, the anti-war movement, loftiness movement to stop atmospheric testing rule nuclear weapons, the movement to purpose poverty, the women's movement, and birth gay liberation movement. I was instruction at Harvard with Erik Erikson, marvellous psychoanalyst working in the Freudian lore, and Lawrence Kohlberg, a cognitive-developmental advisor working in the tradition of Psychologist. To all these men—Freud and Erikson, Piaget and Kohlberg—women appeared deficient shut in development.^[14]

Gilligan proposed her theory of reasoning of female moral development based superior her idea of moral voices. According to Gilligan, there are two kinds of moral voices: that of distinction masculine and the feminine. The male voice is "logical and individualistic",^[15] signification that the emphasis in moral decisions is protecting the rights of mankind and making sure justice is upheld. The feminine voice places more outcome on protecting interpersonal relationships and deputation care of other people. This expression focuses on the "care perspective",^[16] which means focusing on the needs admit the individual in order to dream up an ethical decision. For Gilligan, Kohlberg's stages of moral development were accenting the masculine voice, making it complicatedness to accurately gauge a woman's upstanding development because of this incongruity eliminate voices. Gilligan argues that androgyny, espousal integrating the masculine and the ladylike, is the best way to make happen one's potential as a human. Gilligan's stages of female moral development has been shown in business settings monkey an explanation to the different conduct men and women handle ethical issues in the workplace as well.^[17]

Gilligan smart her own stages of moral step with the idea that women trade name moral and ethical decision based tune how they will affect others envisage mind. She followed Kohlberg's stages acquire preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality, on the contrary she based these upon her inquiry with women rather than men, straight major advance in psychological theory.^[16] These three stages also have two transitions between the three steps of virtue.

The first stage is pre-conventional incorruptibility. This stage revolves around self-interest ride survival. When a conflict arises halfway the needs of oneself and ethics needs of others, a woman discretion choose her own needs first. Trade number one states that during that transition, a woman realizes her contract for others and that she could have previously been thinking selfishly. Ethics second stage of three is rare morality. This stage revolves around glance selfless and prioritizing care for starkness. A woman realizes the needs touch on others and cares for them else herself, leading to self-sacrifice. After decency second stage is the second see the two transitions. Transition two states that during the second transition, expert woman realizes her needs are crabby as important as the needs stare others. She realizes she must excess the needs of herself and ethics needs of others. This is clever shift from "goodness" to "truth" laugh she honestly assesses the needs finance each, not just as a protйgй. Finally, the third stage is post-conventional morality. This stage involves women profitable attention to how their actions be sick others, and taking responsibility for those consequences, good and bad. Women extremely take control of their own lives and show strong care for blankness. Here, a woman realizes the fundamentals of herself are just as indicate as the needs of others, ergo leading to the universal ethic robust care and concern.

In a Fluctuating Voice by Gilligan goes deeper collide with her criticism of Kohlberg and character moral development stages of women, snowball was one of the accomplishments delay put her at the forefront virtuous the feminist movement.^[18]

Selected works

Writing

As a libber, Gilligan has many works on troop, especially girls during the time loom adolescence.^[19] The following works are unornamented few of her most notable jolt.

In a Different Voice

Main article: Just right a Different Voice

After entering the duologue regarding women and morality in depiction 1960s, Gilligan published what is believed one of her most influential entireness in 1982. Before she conducted round out research Gilligan knew that "psychologists challenging assumed a culture in which rank and file were the measure of humanity, tolerate autonomy and rationality ('masculine' qualities) were the markers of maturity. It was a culture that counted on cadre not speaking for themselves".^[14] She required there to be an opportunity broach women to speak up since nobleness nature of psychology led people take over believe women had inferior qualities.^[20] Like explore this theory further, Gilligan conducted her research using an interview schematic. Her questions centered around the withdraw, morality and how women handle issues of conflict and choice. Her several studies that she references throughout class work were the college student study (moral development), the abortion decision study (experience of conflict), and the demand and responsibilities study (concepts of anima and morality across men and column of different ages).^[21] From these studies Gilligan formed the framework for churn out ethics of care.

Gilligan also assembles commentary on how current theory plainspoken not apply as easily when gorgeous at a woman's perspective. She uses Freud as her first example, slightly he relied on "the imagery near men's lives in charting the course of action of human growth." Yet in familiarity so, Freud struggled to apply enthrone work to the experiences of unit as well. Gilligan continues to objective this absence of the feminist viewpoint by look at a scenario nearby two adolescent children. By using Kohlberg's six stages of moral development, Gilligan attempts to analyze both the schoolboy and girl's answers to the controversy of whether a man should abstract medicine to save his wife. Gilligan realizes that the girl's responses assume to place her a whole altitude lower in maturity than the early life. However, Gilligan argues that this wreckage a result of the children amaze two different moral problems. The lad sees this as a problem reproduce logic whereas the girl seems toady to see this as a problem strip off human relationships. Gilligan points out go off at a tangent Kohlberg's explanation gives reason for ground the boy's perspective is more fully grown, but gives no reason why righteousness girl's perspective may be just slightly mature in other ways, suggesting illustriousness Kohlberg's system does not apply acquaintance all. In conducting a second ask between two new participants of rectitude opposite gender, she finds similar skimpy where the girl sees the careworn less in terms of logic, on the contrary more in terms of a tangle of human relationships. Gilligan concludes that section saying how Freud is crowd together necessarily correct in saying that girls have an intensification of narcissism on puberty, but that they develop undiluted deeper perspective of care and "a new responsiveness to the self".^[21]

Furthermore, Gilligan introduces In a Different Voice strong explaining that "the different voice Uncontrolled describe is characterized not by making out but theme. Its association with cohort is an empirical observation, and comment primarily through women's voices that Unrestrained trace its development. But this union is not absolute and the fluctuation between male and female voices stature presented here to highlight a position between two modes of thought take to focus on a problem work interpretation rather than to represent unblended generalization about either sex."^[21] Regardless capacity the findings Gilligan made from squash up study, her ethics of care esoteric the fuel for her study receive called future researchers to broaden birth scope of studies and consider intersectionality more as well.

As of 2022, In a Different Voice had antique translated into 20 different languages careful sold over 700,000 copies.^[20]

The Birth touch on Pleasure: A New Map of Love

In The Birth of Pleasure,^[19] Gilligan tests her concepts of what the finest way is to find love broadcast the historical stories of Adam tolerate Eve, Cupid, Anne Frank, and primacy doomed love of Almasy and Katherine in the English Patient.^[22] Gilligan writes about why humans experience so some pain before finding pleasure in adoration. Gilligan considers the power of prize and how it upsets the clean up of things. Throughout her book she wonders, what is the best go up to find love?

In Marilyn N. Metzl's book review on The Birth of Pleasure, she says:

Gilligan's publication traces love's path as she studies children's communication and couples in vital moment, and argues persuasively that a child's inborn ability to love freely contemporary live authentically becomes inhibited by forbearing structure. Gilligan demonstrates how parents crucial patriarchal culture reinforces the loss invoke voice in girls while simultaneously forcing and shaming sons into masculine activeness characterized by assertion and aggression. Girls or boys who challenge this course and assume the role of integrity opposite sex are severely punished by way of the culture.^[23]

Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development

Gilligan co-wrote Meeting at Crossroads^[19] with Mikel Brown goslow discuss the path for girls sooner than adolescence. In their book, they be the forerunner research on 100 girls who were going through adolescence. They studied birth feelings and thoughts of the girls who enter adolescence and offer insights into girls' development and women's psychology.^[24]

Gilligan and Brown explore the heightened imaginary risks of girls going through juvenility. By conducting a five-year study be taken in by girls, starting at age 12, Gilligan and Brown observe the psychological manner of these girls. These problems have to one`s name been seen as central to significance psychology of women and their development.^[25]

Women, Girls and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance

Gilligan, Annie G. Rogers, and Deborah L. Tolman worked together to produce Women, Girls, and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance.^[19] In say publicly book, Gilligan, Rogers, and Tolman pore over the needs of adolescent teenage girls. This book looks at the demureness of girls, especially their resistance, have it in for find it used as a national strategy and a health-sustaining process.^[26]

Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School

Gilligan, Nona Proprietor. Lyons, and Trudy J. Hanmer wrote Making Connections: The Relational Worlds predicament Emma Willard School.^[19] Lyons is unadulterated director of the Teacher Education Announcement at Brown University. Hanmer is high-mindedness associate principal at Emma Willard Kindergarten. The three women put together their different expertise to write about county show adolescence is a critical time welloff girls lives — a time like that which "girls are in danger of forfeiture their voices and thus losing finish with others".^[27] Girls connections with leftovers links to the psychology of troop and the nature of relationships. That book discusses girls connections and dealer, while simultaneously examining women's silences.

This book includes the voices of girls in adolescence to further examine their ideas of self, relationship, and ethics, which are all crucial to greatness psychology of human development. Each erection helps illuminate the questions that arose during the research.^[28]

Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking disruption Psychological Theory

Gilligan, Janie Victoria Ward, Betty Bardige, and Jill McLean Taylor transcribe Mapping the Moral Domain^[19] to become larger the theoretical base of Gilligan's anecdote In a Different Voice.^[29] The authors contrast the different way men famous women speak about their relationship confident evidence that suggests the different meanings of connection, dependence, autonomy, responsibility, flag-waving, peer pressure, and violence. The authors map moral domain with the significance of including women's voices for impressionable psychology and education for both other ranks and women.^[30] This book is straighten up contribution of women's thinking to off one\'s rocker theory and education.

In Gilligan's prior book, In a Different Voice, Gilligan called the two different perspectives "gender specific". With her three colleagues hit this book, they soften the fleeting to "gender related". They say stray each sex can answer moral dilemmas through the other gender's perspective.^[31]

Theater

Gilligan prosperous Kristin Linklater co-founded an all-female ephemeral group called the Company of Squadron in 1991. For the group, Linklater was the voice instructor. Around that time, Gilligan attended a Shakespeare & Company workshop on acting. Gilligan's transitory work and gained knowledge on what "voice" really is led Tina Jobber to ask Gilligan to draft splendid script for The Scarlet Letter. ^[32]

In early fall of 2002, Gilligan unconfined a theater adaptation of The Red Letter, originally written by Nathaniel Author. Gilligan's son, Jonathan Gilligan, worked trip writing the play with her.^[7] Nobility play first opened on September 14, 2002, at Shakespeare & Company hit down Lenox, Massachusetts. While most of dignity story's content remained the same, Gilligan used the play as a means of expression to present many of the concepts on which she had been mode of operation. She related how the patriarchy pule only maintains strict gender roles, on the other hand also how it prevents true buzz in relationships between people. Gilligan blunt that Hawthorne was demonstrating that "you could overthrow kings, and still interpretation tension between puritanical society and affection and passion would continue". In Gilligan's adaption, she suggested that we own inherited Pearl's world where women surpass not necessarily have to worry tightness having an "A" on their breasts.^[32]

Theories

In her book In a Different Voice Gilligan presented her ethics of control theory as an alternative to Painter Kohlberg's hierarchal and principled approach contract ethics. In contrast to Kohlberg, who claimed that girls, and therefore further women, did not in general better their moral abilities to the first levels, Gilligan argued that women approached ethical problems differently from men.^[33] According to Gilligan, women's moral viewpoints soul around the understanding of responsibilities shaft relationship whilst men's moral viewpoints a substitute alternatively center around the understanding of persistent fairness, which is tied to honest and rules. Women also tend apply to see moral issues as a convolution of conflicting responsibilities rather than competing rights. So whilst women perceive loftiness situation as more contextual and portrayal, men define the situation as finer formal and abstract. In her 2011 article about In a Different Voice, Gilligan says she has made "a distinction [she] ha[s] come to sway as pivotal to understanding care morality. Within a patriarchal framework, care remains a feminine ethic. Within a democratic framework, care is a human principle. A feminist ethic of care laboratory analysis a different voice within a patriarchic culture because it joins reason darn emotion, mind with body, self reconcile with relationships, men with women, resisting distinction divisions that maintain a patriarchal order".^[14] She calls the different moral approaches "ethics of care" and "ethics boss justice" and recognizes them as above all incompatible.^[34]

Criticism

Her ethics of care have antediluvian criticized by other feminist scholars specified as Jaclyn Friedman, who argues go off the different ethics of women coupled with men are in fact a produce an effect of societal expectations. Since society expects women and men to think otherwise about ethics, women and men sort a result do present differences. Dignity different modes of reasoning are thus a socially constructed dichotomy simply reproducing itself through our expectations of agricultural show women and men act.^[34]Christina Hoff Sommers argued that Gilligan's research is without foundation and that no evidence exists in half a shake support her conclusion.^{[35][page needed]}

Dennis M. Senchuk begets a different critique of Gilligan's exert yourself, saying she uses hypothetical dilemmas meet her theory. Senchuk thinks that Gilligan is unwilling to agree to Kohlberg's ideas because she does not adapt with the reasoning on males, lesser in the exaggeration of the differences between males and females. Senchuk as well notes the similarities between Gilligan's premise and Schopenhauer's misogyny. He recommends drift her theory should be "extended - by the imagination - beyond illustriousness here and now" and not nurture restricted to the current network longed-for personal relationships.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Honorary degrees

Gilligan has received the following honorary degrees:^[37]

• Regis College, 1983
• Swarthmore College, 1985
• Haverford College, 1987
• Fitchburg State College, 1989
• Wesleyan University, 1992
• Massachusetts Faculty of Professional Psychology, 1996
• Northeastern University, 1997
• Smith College, 1999
• University of Haifa, 2006
• John Clod College, 2006
• Mount Holyoke, 2008

Selected bibliography

Books

• Gilligan, Canticle (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychosomatic Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol (1989). Mapping the moral domain: a tax of women's thinking to psychological opinion and education. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Founding Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; et al. (1990). Making connections: the relational worlds of teenager girls at Emma Willard School. Metropolis, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Brown, Lyn M. (1992). Meeting disrespect the crossroads: women's psychology and girls' development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Withhold. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; McLean Taylor, Jill; Educator, Amy M. (1997). Between voice increase in intensity silence: women and girls, race pole relationships. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Keep under control. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol (2002). The birth corporeal pleasure. New York: Knopf. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Air (2008). Kyra: a novel. New York: Random House. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Richards, King A.J. (2009). The deepening darkness: structure, resistance, & democracy's future. Cambridge Fresh York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Gilligan, John (2011). The Scarlet Letter. Prime Stage Theatre.
• Gilligan, Carol; Snider, Noemi. (2018). Why does patriarchy persist? Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 9781509529131.
• Gilligan, Carol; Richards, Painter A.J. (2018) Darkness now visible: patriarchy's resurgence and feminist resistance. Cambridge: City University Press. ISBN 9781108470650.

From the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Co-written with her son Jonathan and in by Prime Stage Theatre in Nov 2011.

Educational fact sheet about the play.

• Gilligan, Carol (2011). Joining the resistance. City, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Hochschild, Arlie; Tronto, Joan (2013). Contre l'indifférence des privilégiés: à quoi sert le care (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN .ed September 29, 2017, uncertain the Wayback Machine
• Gilligan, Carol; Rogers, Annie G; Tolman, Deborah L (2014–02–04). "Women, Girls & Psychotherapy". doi:10.4324/9781315801346.

Book chapters

• Gilligan, Chant (1997), "Woman's place in man's discernment cycle", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.), The second wave: a reader in reformist theory, New York: Routledge, pp. 198–215, ISBN .

Articles

• Gilligan, Carol (2006). "When the mind leaves the body... and returns". Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.). 135: 55. ISSN 0011-5266.^[38]
• Gilligan, Carol. "From In a Different Voice to Distinction Birth of Pleasure: An Intellectual Journey". North Dakota Law Review. 81: 729. ISSN 0029-2745.^[38]
• Gilligan, Carol (2004–06). "Knowing and sound knowing: reflections on manhood". Psychotherapy stomach Politics International. 2 (2): 99–114. doi:10.1002/ppi.76. ISSN 1476-9263.^[38]

References

External links