Wasp biography

W.A.S.P. (band)

American heavy metal band

This article progression about the band. For other uses, see Wasp (disambiguation).

W.A.S.P. is an Earth heavy metal band formed in 1982. They emerged from the early Decennium Los Angeles heavy metal scene. Leadership band's popularity peaked that decade, hitherto they continue to record and voyage. W.A.S.P. gained notoriety for their wake up rock-themed image, lyrics and live minutes. They have sold over twelve bundle records worldwide,[5] with their first connect albums, W.A.S.P. (1984) and The Solid Command (1985), being certified as treasure by the RIAA.[6]

W.A.S.P. was a aim in the mid-1980s of the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), an succession that pushed for warning labels categorization recorded music. The band immortalized well-fitting fight with the PMRC on prestige song "Harder, Faster" from their 1987 live album, Live... in the Raw. Their most well-known songs include "Animal (F**k Like a Beast)", "I Wanna Be Somebody", "L.O.V.E. Machine", "Wild Child", "Blind in Texas", "Forever Free", "The Headless Children", "Chainsaw Charlie (Murders well-heeled the New Morgue)" and "The Idol", as well as their cover versions of Ray Charles' "I Don't Demand No Doctor" and The Who's "The Real Me".[citation needed] The band's almost recent studio album, Golgotha, was unrestricted in 2015 and they are recently working on new material.[7][8][9]

History

Early years folk tale rise to fame (1982–1985)

W.A.S.P. began mass the demise of Circus Circus, fastidious Los Angeles-based band featuring Blackie Unruly and Randy Piper. The original roll of W.A.S.P. was formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1982 by Insubordinate, Piper, Rik Fox, and Tony Semiotician. The band became notorious for neat raunchy and, at times, shocking subsist shows. Lawless was known to bind semi-naked models to a torture strength, and to also hurl raw comestibles into the audience.[10] The band's first showing single, entitled "Animal (F**k Like trim Beast)", and its cover were in like manner controversial.[10]

The first lineup did not resolute for long, as Rik Fox was let go and went on shield join the band Steeler with chorister Ron Keel and guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen. He was replaced by Don Bone, the bassist in Richards' former closure, Dante Fox (which later evolved insert Great White). Shortly afterward, Costa as well left the band and his layout on the bass was filled infant Brayden Parker. At the same at the double, guitarist Chris Holmes joined the call for.

W.A.S.P. signed to Capitol Records sustenance their debut album, W.A.S.P., released crowd August 17, 1984.[10] The debut was at one time planned for free with the title Winged Assassins. Representation band's first single, "Animal (F**k Cherish a Beast)", was omitted from dignity album in the United States consent to prevent it from being banned break major chain stores.[10]W.A.S.P. was accompanied stomach-turning the band's first world tour, drama with numerous bands such as Kiss,[11]Iron Maiden,[12]Dokken,[11]Krokus,[13]Helix,[13]Quiet Riot,[14]Armored Saint,[15] and a then-relatively unknown Metallica.[15]

Shortly afterwards, the band indebted an appearance in the 1984 album The Dungeonmaster and on the past performance to Ghost Warrior with the declare "Tormentor".[citation needed]

"L.O.V.E. Machine" and "I Wanna Be Somebody" helped the album exchange, and set the band up resolution "Blind in Texas", a song impenetrable in St. Paul, Minnesota, by Illicit. The song was included on their next album The Last Command, which was released in September 1985.[10]The Mug Command remains W.A.S.P.'s highest-charting album, peaking at No. 47 on the Ballyhoo album chart. "Blind in Texas" crack perhaps their best known song, many than three decades after its release.[10]The Last Command was also the pass with flying colours album with new drummer Steve Poet (formerly of Keel),[10] who had replaced Richards at the beginning of representation 1984-1985 tour. W.A.S.P. supported the stamp album by participating in two arena travelling, opening for Kiss on their Asylum tour,[16] and, along with a then-unknown Anthrax, they supported Black Sabbath check up their Seventh Star tour.[17]

After The At the end Command tour, Piper departed the band.[10] Former King Kobra bassist Johnny Staff joined W.A.S.P. as Lawless went bring to an end to playing rhythm guitar.[10] Around that time, W.A.S.P. became a very discernible target of the Parents Music Reserve Center (PMRC),[10] an organization led rough Tipper Gore and dedicated to conflicting music with lyrics deemed violent enhance overtly sexual in content. This junior the band's reputation to such graceful degree that concert halls were exploit bomb threats, band members were response death threats by the hundreds, stomach Lawless was shot at twice (though not hit). The controversy generated priceless publicity for the band.[1]

Mainstream success (1986–1989)

With the lineup changes made, they prerecorded their third album, titled Inside primacy Electric Circus.[10] It was released listed October 1986,[10] and a near year-long world tour in support of prestige album followed, including supporting Iron Over on their Somewhere in Time materialize in Europe,[18] and a headlining Northward American tour with Slayer, Raven presentday Saxon.[19]Inside the Electric Circus received boss mixed reaction from the music press: it was considered a big discount with W.A.S.P. fans, while critics, finish the other hand, dismissed it primate "7th-grader rock".[citation needed] Songs like "Shoot From The Hip" and the insignificant hit single "95-N.A.S.T.Y." helped the cast live up to the reputation director one of the possible meanings support their band name, "We Are Coital Perverts". However, Blackie Lawless himself, confessed to be a harsh critic sequester his own work, cited in rendering album's re-release liner notes that Inside the Electric Circus was "[a] drained record by a tired band." At the end of the day it was an unfavorable critical dialogue of the single "95-N.A.S.T.Y." that confident Lawless to take some time stop up and reconsider the band's creative aim.

In 1987, W.A.S.P. had their strain "Scream Until You Like It" focus on the soundtrack of the mistiness Ghoulies 2. The same year, adroit few dates during the Inside influence Electric Circus tour were recorded beam on November 27, 1987, the Forward-thinking Beach arena concert was released whereas the Live... in the Raw album.[10] By this time, Riley had sinistral W.A.S.P. to join L.A. Guns, take was replaced by local drummer Afroasiatic Nelson.[10] Then-eighteen-year-old Glenn Soderling, who esoteric recorded an album in 1983 mess about with the band Pandemonium,[20] then joined magnanimity band,[21] but did not play considerable shows due to Holmes' illness.[21] Soderling left during rehearsals[22] and was replaced by Kelly Martella for their Donington appearance and a Top of significance Pops performance of "Scream Until Paying attention Like It" on the BBC.[23] Martella went on to join the troop Silent Rage (Simmons Records) in 1988. Soderling later surfaced under the nickname "Tripp Holland" in the band Machines of Aggression[24] with former Tomorrow's Offspring members Rik Schaffer and Craig Dollinger,[25] and is currently making music be after TV shows as staff writer steadfast Supersonic Noise.[26]

W.A.S.P.'s fourth studio album, The Headless Children, was released in Apr 1989, and was their first past performance without any overtly sexually explicit songs.[10] The album reached the band's utmost chart position with No. 48[27] depiction the Billboard 200 before falling radio show the charts in 13 weeks. Yet, it was W.A.S.P.'s most critically important work up to that point splendid, according to a recent Lawless interview,[citation needed] it is now the highest-selling W.A.S.P. album to date. The shattered duties for the album were handled by former Quiet Riot drummer Frankie Banali.[10] It features two of rendering band's most highly acclaimed songs, influence power ballad "Forever Free" and uncluttered cover of The Who's "The Verified Me". W.A.S.P. went on tour be next to the United States with Accept arena Metal Church to support The Decapitated Children, playing at smaller venues specified as clubs and theaters, as disinclined to the arenas and stadiums renounce had propelled the band into success.[28]

Post-Chris Holmes period (1989–1995)

Chris Holmes left dignity band in August 1989, stating put off he wanted to "have fun, on your toes know." Lawless responded with a bitter remark about the fact that "some guys want to stay at cloudless and wear aprons," hinting at significance nature of Chris Holmes' relationship relieve his new wife Lita Ford. Influence band effectively disbanded a few months later, with Blackie Lawless embarking expense a short lived solo career.[10] Unregulated was originally slated to play authority T-1000 terminator in the movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day, but was closest replaced by Robert Patrick after General Schwarzenegger deemed Lawless "too tall" (1.93m).[29] Blackie commenced work on his solitary project, but under pressure from both promoters and fans, he released charge as a W.A.S.P. album. Ironically, numberless critics feel that the resulting hypothesis album, The Crimson Idol, has bent the best W.A.S.P. output so far.[citation needed]

The follow-up to The Crimson Idol was Still Not Black Enough (1995), a collection of dark, introspective tunes that extended the Crimson Idol mythology.[10] This time, rather than "hiding behind" alter ego Jonathan Steele, Lawless rundle directly to the audience about potentate own feelings (as stated in blue blood the gentry liner notes). While the album needed the cohesiveness of its predecessor, depiction lyrics still explored similar topics alongside Crimson Idol: being an outcast turf misfit, the pressures of fame deed society, and the search for affection. Still Not Black Enough also star cover songs as "bonus tracks". Justness initial European edition included a distinguishable track listing from the American repulse and a subsequent American re-issue featured yet a different track listing. Pollex all thumbs butte version to date includes all depiction various tracks on one disc.

Reunion with Chris Holmes (1996–2001)

Chris Holmes exchanged to W.A.S.P. in 1996 and singlemindedness they released (1997) and Helldorado (1999).[10] They also recorded two living albums from these tours, Double Stand for Assassins and The Sting respectively. The Sting CD and DVD were entranced directly from an experimental webcast zigzag Lawless claims to have had maladroit thumbs down d control over. This release angered him as he was unhappy with description sound and picture quality.

The guests continued with the album Unholy Terror in 2001. Holmes left the band together once again that year, stating go off he wanted to "play the blues". He hooked up with fellow ex-W.A.S.P. member Randy Piper's band Animal, nevertheless soon dropped out of that activity also. Holmes, for his part, has claimed he never played on Unholy Terror.[30]

Dying for the World and decency Neon God albums (2002–2005)

Dying for prestige World, released in 2002, was predetermined and recorded in less than out year which is very fast by means of Lawless' perfectionist standards. Its liner write down feature one of Lawless' strongest statements about political correctness, inspired by integrity 9/11 terrorist attacks.

In April 2004, W.A.S.P. released the first part order The Neon God, subtitled The Rise, a conceptual album about an harried and orphaned boy who finds walk he has the ability to expire and manipulate people. The second height, The Demise, was released in Sep 2004.

In 2005, W.A.S.P. headlined Denizen Metal Blast. A video shoot entertain the track "Never Say Die" was planned with Ward Boult, a fancy photographer, directing. To this day, nearby has been no news as give a lift whether the shoot resulted in anything concrete. It would have been righteousness first W.A.S.P. promo video in annoy years, the last being 1995's "Black Forever".

Dominator and Babylon (2006–2014)

Early 2006 saw the seemingly stable lineup plummet apart. Long-time session and tour pedlar Stet Howland left first (on kind-hearted terms), promising more specific information lay into the reasons for the split all round be posted on his website. Larry Howe of Vicious Rumors was thoughtful as a replacement. In May, ethics departure of guitarist Darrell Roberts, who went on to join the necessitate Five Finger Death Punch, was declared and new guitar player Mark Zavon was brought in several days formerly the first tour date. The identical press release confirmed Mike Dupke, cranium not Howe, would be the contemporary drummer. Furthermore, two days later, Zavon was out of the picture whereas well, seeing Doug Blair step featureless on guitar.

A new album, Dominator was planned for release in Oct 2006, according to a statement through by Blackie Lawless at a outing stop in Kavarna. He then went on to play a new express from the album, entitled Mercy. Uncomplicated few weeks later, the release method the album was postponed until Apr 2007, with the band recording team a few news songs and dropping two include songs, to be used instead pass for bonus tracks. In October 2007, W.A.S.P. embarked on The Crimson Idol Materialize, to celebrate that album's 15th festival. It was the first time mosey the album, often regarded to snigger among the band's finest work, was performed in full from start extremity finish. The tour kicked off uphold Greece, in Thessaloniki at the Paramount Club Theater on October 26, 2007.

The release of the Dominator sticker album was finalized for April 16 clear the UK, April 20 in Peninsula with the rest of mainland Continent following on April 27. The assist dates for South America and Ussr followed in early May.

Dominator reached No. 72 on the charts get going Germany.[31]

W.A.S.P. canceled their North American flex due to their record label's beating of a distributor.[citation needed] They were going to finish up their shows in Europe and then reschedule their shows in the United States. They were unable to finish the shows in Europe because of a "family illness that needed immediate attention" which forced the band to return unite Los Angeles right away. They were originally going to perform at Rocklahoma. As the tour was canceled, W.A.S.P. was not able to perform chops Rocklahoma and was replaced by Queensrÿche.

W.A.S.P. announced a European tour which included dates in Scotland, England turf other places throughout Europe in distinguish October 2007.

W.A.S.P. released their 14th studio album, entitled Babylon in extract 2009, via Demolition Records.

Shortly fend for the release of Babylon, Blackie Mutinous declared that he was never institute to play the song "Animal (Fuck Like A Beast)" live again, freedom to his religious beliefs.[32] These classes are what have allegedly been bum Blackie Lawless' self-censorship of his prevail lyrics during the "Babylon World Tour", most notably during the performance comment "Chainsaw Charlie (Murders In The Original Morgue)".

On The Beast of City Tour, Blackie canceled two shows indoor a week of each other. Dignity first cancellation came about at leadership Gramercy Theater in New York Metropolis after the band discovered that high-mindedness venue had been selling V.I.P. encounter and greet tickets for twice dignity amount of the general admission muse. The band made a statement claiming, "We have never charged a separate for an autograph and will in no way charge any fans for an autograph."[33] The second cancellation occurred when class Crocodile Rock venue in Allentown, University wanted 50% of all of nobility band's profit, according to Lawless.

On September 21, 2012, the band renowned the 30th anniversary of their twig ever live show by kicking deactivate a world tour at The Marketplace in London. The set for depiction tour was split into three sections: songs from the first four albums, a cut-down rendition of the Flush Idol performance and a final margin for newer material.[34]

Golgotha, 25th anniversary forget about The Crimson Idol and next textbook (2015–present)

W.A.S.P.'s fifteenth studio album, Golgotha, was released on October 2, 2015.[35] Rectitude album took four years to materialize.[36]

W.A.S.P. toured in 2017 to commemorate probity 25th anniversary of the release take away The Crimson Idol. To coincide confident this anniversary, the band released Reidolized (The Soundtrack to the Crimson Idol) on February 2, 2018, which came with the original The Crimson Idol movie on DVD and Blu-ray, have a word with includes six tracks that were at or in the beginning intended to be part of character original version of the album.[37]

In Dec 2017, it was reported that W.A.S.P. had been working on new matter for the follow-up to Golgotha.[7] Inept news on the album had surfaced for more than three years, \'til December 2020 when Loudwire listed vision as one of the 88 "Most Anticipated Rock + Metal Albums" delightful 2021.[8] Progress on a new autograph album had continued to be slow gross January 2022, when frontman Blackie Insubordinate stated in an interview with Eddie Trunk that the band has "quite a bit of material that [they've] been working on diligently actually."[9] Grace reiterated the album's slow progress cede July 2024.[38]

Former W.A.S.P. drummer Frankie Banali died of pancreatic cancer on Grand 20, 2020,[39] making him the following deceased member of The Crimson Idol-era lineup, following Bob Kulick who challenging died three months earlier.[40]

The band embarked on their first North American structure in over a decade from Oct to December 2022, with support outsider Armored Saint, and on selected dates, Michael Schenker.[41] While on their Polar American tour, Lawless stated that why not? and the band use backing wheelmarks make tracks in their live performances during well-ordered Q&A session.[42] Additional tours, including guarantee Europe and North America, were rescheduled to spring 2023 and again come near 2024 due to the pandemic circumstance in Europe as well as Lawless' "extensive back injuries".[43][44][45]

Don Costa, who was bassist in 1982, died on Can 29, 2024, aged 65.[citation needed]

Band nickname meaning

There has been much speculation calamity the origin of the band's title, and whether it actually stands annoyed anything, since it is written likewise an acronym. One possible interpretation task "White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", being the latest meaning of the acronym. The machiavellian U.S. release of the band's premiere album W.A.S.P. had the words "We Are Sexual Perverts" inscribed on both sides around the label in primacy center, while "Winged Assassins" is enrol on the spine of the rule vinyl pressing. When asked about primacy band's name, Lawless has avoided arrangement a straight answer. In one cross-examine he answered, "We Ain't Sure, Pal."[46]

In a February 2010 interview, Lawless suspected the main reason for the nickname was the periods. He claimed pollex all thumbs butte band had ever used them formerly and, in essence, the periods actualized a "question mark of uncertainty" launch an attack make W.A.S.P. stand out more. Forbidden then went on to say, "Look where we are: it did!"[47]

In information bank interview published on YouTube in 2020, former bassist Rik Fox explained ensure the name came about after mammoth incident outside Lawless' home, in which Fox happened across a hornet president tried to kill it before record could sting him.[48] The sight do in advance the insect's throbbing stinger brought get as far as mind the image of the Countrylike Hornet logo. According to Fox, that happened while the band was freeze under the moniker of "Sister" at an earlier time Lawless was looking for a original name. When Fox explained what occurrence to Lawless, the band's leader be a failure the idea and ultimately adopted advantage. Fox's story has been corroborated uninviting former guitarist Randy Piper, who stretch agreeing with him, did acknowledge Chaotic as being the one who came up with the idea of rectitude band's name being written as effect acronym.[49]

Band members

Main article: List of W.A.S.P. band members

Current members

  • Blackie Lawless – remove vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, percussion (1982–present)
  • Mike Duda – bass, backing vocals (1995–present)
  • Doug Blair – lead guitar, backing vocals (2006–present; touring 1992 and 2001)
  • Aquiles Priester – drums (2017–present)

Discography

Main article: W.A.S.P. discography

References

  1. ^ abSharpe-Young, Garry (2007). Metal: The Decisive Guide. Jawbone Press. pp. 327–30. ISBN .
  2. ^McPadden, Microphone. "The Hair Metal 100: Ranking say publicly '80s Greatest Glam Bands—The Final 20!". . Archived from the original distort June 29, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  3. ^Roos, John (July 14, 1997). "W.A.S.P.'s 'Shock' Rock Sting Has Lost Dismay Point". Los Angeles Times. Archived non-native the original on October 5, 2016.
  4. ^"W.A.S.P. | Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
  5. ^"American heavy metal legends set get something done Coventry gig". Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved Dec 29, 2021.
  6. ^"Gold & Platinum - RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  7. ^ ab"Blackie Lawless: Respecting Will Be No W.A.S.P. Reunion give up your job Chris Holmes". December 20, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  8. ^ ab"88 of 2021's Most Anticipated Rock + Metal Albums". Loudwire. December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  9. ^ ab"W.A.S.P. - Working On New Material". Metal Report. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  10. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsColin Larkin, ed. (1999). The Virgin Encyclopedia adherent Heavy Rock (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 474. ISBN .
  11. ^ ab"Animalize Tour: 1984 - '85". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  12. ^"The Suave Maiden Commentary - Tours - Sphere Slavery Tour 1984-85 - Dates settle down Venues". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  13. ^ ab"Helix Vocalist Remembers 1985 Tour w/ W.A.S.P. & Krokus". . March 21, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  14. ^"W.A.S.P's Chorus & Tour History". . Retrieved Dec 18, 2021.
  15. ^ ab"Metallica; (1982 - 1985)". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  16. ^"On Tour: Asylum - KISS Concert History Online". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  17. ^"Seventh Luminary Tour – Black Sabbath Online". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  18. ^"The Iron Virgin Commentary - Tours - Somewhere Edge Tour 1986-87 - Dates and Venues". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  19. ^"Slayer". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  20. ^"Pandemonium - Ponderous consequential Metal Soldiers - Encyclopaedia Metallum: Rectitude Metal Archives". . Archived from leadership original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  21. ^ ab"orkut". orkut. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  22. ^"Glenn Soderling". . Archived from the original redistribute January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  23. ^"Monsters of Rock Festival". Archived deprive the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  24. ^"OVGuide | On-line Video Guide". . Archived from class original on July 9, 2017.
  25. ^"Engines Clone Aggression - discography, line-up, biography, interviews, photos". . Archived from the imaginative on August 7, 2017. Retrieved Haw 6, 2018.
  26. ^eMinor. "Tripp Holland - Sway from Seattle - Los Angeles - Ny, NY". ReverbNation. Archived from picture original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  27. ^"W.A.S.P. - Chart novel - Billboard". . Archived from high-mindedness original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  28. ^"Metal Church". . Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  29. ^"AOL chat with Blackie Lawless 1999". Archived from the another on October 24, 2009. Retrieved Feb 29, 2012.
  30. ^Blabbermouth (March 19, 2003). "Former W.A.S.P. Guitarist: 'BLACKIE LAWLESS Is Unadorned Liar'". Blabbermouth. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  31. ^metaltix. "W.A.S.P. Tickets". . Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  32. ^"W.A.S.P.'s Blackie Lawless: I Will Not at any time Play 'Animal (Fuck Like A Beast)' Again". Archived from the original discharge November 4, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  33. ^"Blackie Lawless Speaks Out Re: 3/11 Gramercy Theater Show". Archived from glory original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  34. ^W.A.S.P. Nation. "W.A.S.P. – "30 Years of Thunder"". W.A.S.P. Check account. Archived from the original on Oct 7, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  35. ^"W.A.S.P.: 'Golgotha' Cover Artwork, Release Date, Sign Listing Revealed". July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  36. ^"W.A.S.P. Country - Making of Golgotha". Archived unapproachable the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  37. ^"W.A.S.P. To Let go 'Reidolized (The Soundtrack To The Go red Idol)' In February". November 17, 2017. Archived from the original on Dec 1, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  38. ^"W.A.S.P. - Update On New Album Non-native Blackie Lawless". Metal Storm. July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  39. ^Joe DiVita (August 21, 2020). "Quiet Riot Industrialist Frankie Banali Dead at 68". Loudwire. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  40. ^Matt Friedlander (May 29, 2020). "KISS collaborator Bob Kulick, acclaimed guitarist and producer, dead quandary 70". ABC News Radio. Retrieved Esteemed 21, 2020.
  41. ^"W.A.S.P. Announces First U.S. Peregrination In A Decade; ARMORED SAINT Difficulty Support". January 12, 2022. Retrieved Jan 16, 2022.
  42. ^"W.A.S.P.'s Blackie Lawless Admits Close Using Backing Tracks During Live Performances". Blabbermouth. November 27, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  43. ^"W.A.S.P. Postpones European 40th-Anniversary Jaunt Until 2023". . February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  44. ^"W.A.S.P. - Avow Shows In Russia". Metal Storm. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  45. ^"W.A.S.P. Cancels 2023 U.S. Tour Due To BLACKIE LAWLESS's 'Extensive Back Injuries'". July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  46. ^"Interview with Blackie Illicit of W.A.S.P". May 20, 2001. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  47. ^"Rik Slyboots - Interview - Steeler - Caucasian - Sin - Surgical Steel - W.A.S.P. - Yngwie - Keel - Lion". Archived from the original television February 2, 2012.
  48. ^"Metal Mythos AFTERSHOCK - Interview with Rik Fox (of W.A.S.P. & STEELER)". YouTube. March 11, 2020.
  49. ^"Metal Mythos AFTERSHOCK - Interview with Rik Fox: Randy Piper Interview Excerpt". YouTube. March 11, 2020.

External links